The source of the name "Huguenot" is not known. It was a respectable movement involving the most responsible and accomplished people of France. McClain, Molly. Durand de Dauphine finally passed New Point Comfort and arrived at the North River separating Mathews and Gloucester counties on September 22, 1686. [citation needed], With the proclamation of the Edict of Nantes, and the subsequent protection of Huguenot rights, pressures to leave France abated. Wijsenbeek, Thera. Huguenots in America - Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History A couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay, present-day Rio de Janeiro, and settled on a small island. But many took the risk . A royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the Catholic party. The National Huguenot Society perpetuates the memory, the spirit, and the deeds of the men and women in France known as Huguenots who were persecuted in the 16th and 17th centuries because of their adherence to the basic tenets of the Protestant faith and who emigrated to the United States. Dr Kathleen Chater has been tracing her own family history for over 30 years. John Calvin was a Frenchman and himself largely responsible for the introduction and spread of the Reformed tradition in France. Huguenot refugees also settled in the Delaware River Valley of Eastern Pennsylvania and Hunterdon County, New Jersey in 1725. The tide of the Reformation reached France early in the sixteenth century and was part of the religious and political fomentation of the times. They organised their first national synod in 1558 in Paris.[40]. As a major Protestant nation, England patronised and helped protect Huguenots, starting with Queen Elizabeth I in 1562,[85] with the first Huguenots settling in Colchester in 1565. The latter surnames in old French are also recognised Huguenot names. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. [42][43], The French Wars of Religion began with the Massacre of Vassy on 1 March 1562, when dozens[8] (some sources say hundreds[44]) of Huguenots were killed, and about 200 were wounded. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. [9] Reguier de la Plancha (d. 1560) in his De l'Estat de France offered the following account as to the origin of the name, as cited by The Cape Monthly: Reguier de la Plancha accounts for it [the name] as follows: "The name huguenand was given to those of the religion during the affair of Amboyse, and they were to retain it ever since. Historians estimate that roughly 80% of all Huguenots lived in the western and southern areas of France. After John Calvin introduced the Reformation in France, the number of French Protestants steadily swelled to ten percent of the population, or roughly 1.8million people, in the decade between 1560 and 1570. Huguenot Society of SC They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685). ", Robin Gwynn, "The number of Huguenot immigrants in England in the late seventeenth century. By 1600, it had declined to 78%,[citation needed] and was reduced further late in the century after the return of persecution under Louis XIV, who instituted the dragonnades to forcibly convert Protestants, and then finally revoked all Protestant rights in his Edict of Fontainebleau of 1685. About 2,000 Huguenots settled in New York, South Carolina, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island in the mid-1680s and in 1700 in Virginia. Publication Register of Qualified Huguenot Ancestors, DAR/SAR Huguenot Ancestors with DAR numbers, Online Dues Payments for Members-at-Large, About The Huguenot Ancestral Name Listings, Register of Qualified Huguenot Ancestors of The National Huguenot Society. [31] William Farel was a student of Lefevre who went on to become a leader of the Swiss Reformation, establishing a Protestant republican government in Geneva. Some Huguenot families have kept alive various traditions, such as the celebration and feast of their patron Saint Nicolas, similar to the Dutch Sint Nicolaas (Sinterklaas) feast. Most came from northern France (Brittany, Normandy, and Picardy, as well as West Flanders (subsequently French Flanders), which had been annexed from the Southern Netherlands by Louis XIV in 1668-78[83]). It signified their desire for greater freedom religiously and politically. Allaire, Alexander. Huguenots in Virginia It proved disastrous to the Huguenots and costly for France. Augustine, Jean. Due to the Huguenots' early ties with the leadership of the Dutch Revolt and their own participation, some of the Dutch patriciate are of part-Huguenot descent. A small group of Huguenots also settled on the south shore of Staten Island along the New York Harbor, for which the current neighbourhood of Huguenot was named. Such economic separation was the condition of the refugees' initial acceptance in the city. Ireland [ edit ] Entrance to Huguenot Cemetery, Cork in Cork, Munster In the Manakintown area, the Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River and Huguenot Road were named in their honour, as were many local features, including several schools, including Huguenot High School. The wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy. These included villages in and around the Massif Central, as well as the area around Dordogne, which used to be almost entirely Reformed too. At the time, they constituted the majority of the townspeople.[114]. For example, Irne du Pont brought his expertise for making gunpowder learned from the eminent Lavoisier; and Apollo Rivoire, a goldsmith, was the father of Paul Revere, master silversmith and renowned patriot. "The Secret War of Elizabeth I: England and the Huguenots during the early Wars of Religion, 1562-77. Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the Dutch Revolt (15681609). For a time, at least, there was more freedom for the Huguenots. Huguenot History - The Huguenot Society of America Long after the sect was suppressed by Francis I, the remaining French Waldensians, then mostly in the Luberon region, sought to join Farel, Calvin and the Reformation, and Olivtan published a French Bible for them. They purchased from John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of Jacob Leisler. Thera Wijsenbeek, "Identity Lost: Huguenot refugees in the Dutch Republic and its former colonies in North America and South Africa, 1650 to 1750: a comparison". Last Update: October 15, 2022. ), was in common use by the mid-16th century. a road-trip up dead ends, If you shake your family tree, watch for the nuts to fall, The Beginnings Of The Original Plymouth, Devon England, Researching Quebec when Church and State were one, Finding Ancestors in Manor Land (Seigneurial) Records, Walking in the Footsteps of Quebec City Ancestors, La Socit dhistoire et de gnalogie de Verdun, La Socit gnalogique canadienne-franaise, The Jewish Genealogical Society of Montreal, Bibliothque et Archives nationales du Qubec, Catholic Parish Registers in Dauphin Languedoc Provence of the 17th & 18th centuries, University of Montreal Historical Demography Programme, Dictionary of Canadian Biography by UofT and Laval, Quebec Anglophone Heritage Network 100 Objects Project. [4], A term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins. http://pages.infinit.net/barbeaum/suisses.htm, Motherhood in New France, Grand Voyers Road Commissioners, Montreal Archives Property Assessments 1847-2003, ARCHIVES MONTREAL PROPERTY ASSESSMENT 1847 2003, GenWebCanada updates Quebec cemetery listings, RootsTech announces free online conference presentation schedule, Am I My Fathers Son, or Genealogy Revisited, Amarilda Desbiens, Scottish adoptee in Baie-St-Paul? Some of their descendants moved into the Deep South and Texas, where they developed new plantations. [116] John Arnold Fleming wrote extensively of the French Protestant group's impact on the nation in his 1953 Huguenot Influence in Scotland,[117] while sociologist Abraham Lavender, who has explored how the ethnic group transformed over generations "from Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants", has analyzed how Huguenot adherence to Calvinist customs helped facilitate compatibility with the Scottish people.[118]. After petitioning the British Crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the Baronies, they prospered as slave owners on the Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantations they purchased from the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger. There is a Huguenot society in London, as well as a. Huguenots of Spitalfields is a registered charity promoting public understanding of the Huguenot heritage and culture in Spitalfields, the City of London and beyond. Dragoo American, French (Huguenot) Americanized form of Dragaud, a French (Huguenot) surname derived from the Germanic given name Dragwald, itself derived from the elements drag- meaning "to carry" and wald . Through the 18th and 19th centuries, descendants of the French migrated west into the Piedmont, and across the Appalachian Mountains into the West of what became Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and other states. Huguenot exiles in the United Kingdom, the United States, South Africa, Australia, and a number of other countries still retain their identity.[20][21]. It took French troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of Camisards, between 1702 and 1709. The Huguenot Society of America - Established 1883 Consequently, many Huguenots considered the wealthy and Calvinist-controlled Dutch Republic, which also happened to lead the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. [27] The Waldensians created fortified areas, as in Cabrires, perhaps attacking an abbey. [54][55] Beyond Paris, the killings continued until 3 October. Huguenot families Naturalized in Great Britain and Ireland (A-K) [99] Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch, London. In 1628 the Huguenots established a congregation as L'glise franaise la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the French church in New Amsterdam). List of Huguenots - Wikipedia Who were the Calvinist Huguenots? - TimesMojo It is now an official symbol of the glise des Protestants rforms (French Protestant church). Thanks to the generous support of the Samuel Freeman Charitable Trust, the Huguenot Society has been able to digitize and share its scholarly journal, Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina. The cities of Bourges, Montauban and Orlans saw substantial activity in this regard. 682 views. Priscilla Mullins, famed in song and story, beloved of Standish and the bride of John Alden, was a Huguenot, her father's name being William Molines. Following this exodus, Huguenots remained in large numbers in only one region of France: the rugged Cvennes region in the south. What is clear is that the surname, Jaques, is a Huguenot name. [75] When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town, now in Goochland County. Within census records, you can often find information like name of household members, ages, birthplaces, residences, and occupations. Several French Protestant churches are descended from or tied to the Huguenots, including: Historical religious group of French Protestants, Criticism and conflict with the Catholic Church, Right of return to France in the 19th and 20th centuries, The Huguenot Population of France, 1600-1685: The Demographic Fate and Customs of a Religious Minority by Philip Benedict; American Philosophical Society, 1991 - 164, The Huguenots: Or, Reformed French Church. In the second half of the 16th century, the . During the entire period between the early part of the sixteenth century to 1787, thousands of Huguenots left their homes in France for other countries because of recurring waves of persecution. Some settlers landed in present-day Chesterfield County. A few of the Huguenot surnames that still exist in America are Du Pont, Revere and Laurens. [60], Persecution of Protestants diminished in France after 1724, finally ending with the Edict of Versailles, commonly called the Edict of Tolerance, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. In addition, a dense network of Protestant villages permeated the rural mountainous region of the Cevennes. This group of Huguenots from southern France had frequent issues with the strict Calvinist tenets that are outlined in many of John Calvin's letters to the synods of the Languedoc. Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to 'little Hugos', or 'those who want Hugo'.[6]. Carolina - The French Huguenots Inhabited by Camisards, it continues to be the backbone of French Protestantism. Email: hugsoc@verizon.net, 2018-2022 The Huguenot Society of America. By contrast, the Protestant populations of eastern France, in Alsace, Moselle, and Montbliard, were mainly Lutherans. War at home again precluded a resupply mission, and the colony struggled. Scoville, Warren C. "The Huguenots and the diffusion of technology. The Prinsenhof is one of the 14 active Walloon churches of the Dutch Reformed Church (now of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands). The Huguenots of religion were influenced by John Calvin's works and established Calvinist synods. A group of Huguenot families (whose names were Bevier, Crispell, Deyo, DuBois, Freer, Hasbrouck, and LeFevre) decided to create a community of their own, one where they could exercise more authority over their worship and their way of life. Persecution diminished the number of Huguenots who remained in France. Tracing Huguenot ancestors | The National Archives While many American Huguenot groups worship in borrowed churches, the congregation in Charleston has its own church. Nevertheless the listing can be useful in genealogical research and for the purpose of establishing eligibility for membership in The National Huguenot Society. Then he imposed penalties, closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favoured professions. The present form. Their descendants increased rapidly and spread quickly. The community they created there is still known as Fleur de Lys (the symbol of France), an unusual French village name in the heart of the valleys of Wales. [45] The Michelade by Huguenotes against Catholics was later on 29 September 1567. Although 19th-century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace industry,[101][102] this is contentious. Cabanis -- Henri. Apart from the French village name and that of the local rugby team, Fleur De Lys RFC, little remains of the French heritage. This week's compilation, " France Huguenot Family Lineage Searches ," is designed to help you find your Protestant ancestors in 16 th to 18 th century France. The names of Huguenot leaders at that time included the royal houses of Navarre, Valois, and Cond; Admiral Coligny, and hundreds of other officers in the military. The label Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators (all of them aristocratic members of the Reformed Church) who were involved in the Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential and zealously Catholic House of Guise. [88][89][90] Many others went to the American colonies, especially South Carolina. Marguerite (grandmother of Henry IV) influenced her brother, Francis I, to be lenient with the Huguenots. Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry. The Huguenots in America Although the Huguenots settled along almost the entire eastern coast of North America, they showed a preference for what are now the states of Massachusetts, . Ken . In relative terms, this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to Britain. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne d'Albret; her son, the future Henry IV (who would later convert to Catholicism in order to become king); and the princes of Cond. Cyndi's List - Huguenot - Locality Specific By 1562, the estimated number of Huguenots peaked at approximately two million, concentrated mainly in the western, southern, and some central parts of France, compared to approximately sixteen million Catholics during the same period. Many of these settlers were given land in an area that was later called Franschhoek (Dutch for 'French Corner'), in the present-day Western Cape province of South Africa. Ayrault, Nicholas. After revoking the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots civil rights, in October 1685, Louis XIV forbade them to leave France on pain of imprisonment, torture and death. [69] The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time.[70]. [citation needed] Some of these immigrants moved to Norwich, which had accommodated an earlier settlement of Walloon weavers. As a result Protestants are still a religious minority in Quebec today. "Identity Lost: Huguenot Refugees in the Dutch Republic and its Former Colonies in North America and South Africa, 1650 To 1750: A Comparison". The names of Huguenot leaders at that time included the royal houses of Navarre, Valois,and Cond; Admiral Coligny, and hundreds of otherofficers inthe military. Thanks for any help . Thus, the ancestral listing on our site is not and never will be a complete and exhaustive list of all French Huguenots. With each break in peace, the Huguenots' trust in the Catholic throne diminished, and the violence became more severe, and Protestant demands became grander, until a lasting cessation of open hostility finally occurred in 1598. VanRuymbeke, Bertrand and Sparks, Randy J., eds. Francis initially protected the Huguenot dissidents from Parlementary measures seeking to exterminate them. Edward VI granted them the whole of the western crypt of Canterbury Cathedral for worship. Remnant communities of Camisards in the Cvennes, most Reformed members of the United Protestant Church of France, French members of the largely German Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine, and the Huguenot diaspora in England and Australia, all still retain their beliefs and Huguenot designation. [46], In what became known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August 3 October 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris and similar massacres took place in other towns in the following weeks. One Huguenot traveler in Virginia arrived after 19 rough weeks of sailing. In Geneva, Hugues, though Catholic, was a leader of the "Confederate Party", so called because it favoured independence from the Duke of Savoy. Blignault. The Huguenot Memorial Museum was also erected there and opened in 1957. A large monument to commemorate the arrival of the Huguenots in South Africa was inaugurated on 7 April 1948 at Franschhoek. Doubtless one of the scarcest Huguenot studies and yet unquestionably a classic, Lee's Huguenots in France and America is essentially a history rather than a treatise on emigration or a list of names, with primary emphasis on the exposition of facts and notable events. Today, people of Huguenot origin are found in all parts of our country. They were denied exit from France under pain of death. The Society has chapters in numerous states, with the one in Texas being the largest. It is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck called "Bauffet's Point" after travelling from England where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution, four years before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Huguenot population of France dropped to 856,000 by the mid-1660s, of which a plurality lived in rural areas. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. 4,000 emigrated to the Thirteen Colonies, where they settled, especially in New York, the Delaware River Valley in Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey,[22] and Virginia. Both kingdoms, which had enjoyed peaceful relations until 1685, became bitter enemies and fought each other in a series of wars, called the "Second Hundred Years' War" by some historians, from 1689 onward. The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions. By the start of the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War, a sizeable population of Huguenot descent lived in the British colonies, and many participated in the British defeat of New France in 17591760.[119]. The Huguenots: London's First Refugees | Londonist Other evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where weavers' windows survive on the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers. [57], The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. Original source: Demarest, David D.,. Jean Cauvin (John Calvin), another student at the University of Paris, also converted to Protestantism. Lachenicht, Susanne. Donor bostonpubliclibrary Edition [8] The prtendus rforms ('supposedly 'reformed'') were said to gather at night at Tours, both for political purposes, and for prayer and singing psalms. Following the French crown's revocation of the Edict of Nantes, many Huguenots settled in Ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an act of parliament for Protestants' settling in Ireland. He was regarded by the Gallicians as a noble man who respected people's dignity and lives. L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit in New York, founded in 1628, is older, but it left the French Reformed movement in 1804 to become part of the Episcopal Church. Ken Bell says 16 April 2019 at 1:55 pm. French Huguenot Blood in American Presbyterians - Log College Press Demographically, there were some areas in which the whole populations had been Reformed. Of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement, many had died; others lived outside town on farms in the English style; and others moved to different areas. [22] A few families went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec. But the light of the Gospel has made them vanish, and teaches us that these spirits were street-strollers and ruffians. There were also some Calvinists in the Alsace region, which then belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. The Huguenot Society of America, "Huguenot History." Philip Benedict, "The Huguenot Population of France, 1600-1685: The Demographic Fate and Customs of a Religious Minority," American Philosophical Society 81: 5 [1991]: 164. When Paul Roux, a pastor who arrived with the main group of Huguenots, died in 1724, the Dutch administration, as a special concession, permitted another French cleric to take his place "for the benefit of the elderly who spoke only French". Genealogical Publishing Company, Published: 1885, Reprinted: 1998. Upon receipt of better documentation those ancestors will again be listed on this website. Huguenot Surnames - Chuck Norton Designs In the beginning, the Huguenots were greatly favored by Francis I because of their stature and their abilities as well as their economic contribution to the countrys finances. Botha. The collection includes family histories, a library, and a picture archive. [100] In Wandsworth, their gardening skills benefited the Battersea market gardens. Whether it be in a French or British imperial context, the Huguenots were present in the Americas, on both the continent and on islands, from the mid-16th to the end of the 18th century. The popularity of this religious movement grew exponentially, so much so that by 1562 there were around two million Huguenots in France alone with around 2000 churches. Frenchtown in New Jersey bears the mark of early settlers.[22]. Although the exact number of fatalities throughout the country is not known, on 2324 August, between 2,000[48] and 3,000[49][50][51] Protestants were killed in Paris and a further 3,000[52] to 7,000 more[53] in the French provinces. [112] Significant Huguenot settlements were in Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal. Another Huguenot cemetery is located off French Church Street in Cork. He wrote in his book, The Days of the Upright, A History of the Huguenots (1965), that Huguenot is: a combination of a Dutch and a German word. It used a derogatory pun on the name Hugues by way of the Dutch word Huisgenoten (literally 'housemates'), referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in German Eidgenosse ('Confederate' in the sense of 'a citizen of one of the states of the Swiss Confederacy').[5]. Camp -- Laurents de / Laurens / Lourens Jansen. "[10], Some have suggested the name was derived, with similar intended scorn, from les guenon de Hus (the 'monkeys' or 'apes of Jan Hus'). Agee Names. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20,000 of whom were welcomed in Brandenburg-Prussia, where Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia (r.16491688), granted them special privileges (Edict of Potsdam of 1685) and churches in which to worship (such as the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angermnde and the French Cathedral, Berlin). Over two thousand churches sent representatives to the synod in 1561. Experiences of the French Huguenots in America - The King's Refugees; History of the Huguenot Emigration to America, Vol. 2. at Internet Archive; The Huguenots in America : a refugee people in new world society at Internet Archive (For Kentucky) Original Papers Concerning the Huguenot and Walloon Lines. Robert fled France with his family to Kent County, England, around 1628, but, by 1635, had settled in Nansemond County, Virginia, where there were other French-speaking Huguenots. [16] Hans J. Hillerbrand, an expert on the subject, in his Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set claims the Huguenot community reached as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 7 to 8% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Huguenot - Surnames - Genealogy.com Huguenot immigrants did not disperse or settle in different parts of the country, but rather, formed three societies or congregations; one in the city of New York, another 21 miles north of New York in a town which they named New Rochelle, and a third further upstate in New Paltz. It is an exhaustive account of the origins of the Huguenots . The earliest editions are presented in partnership w ith College of Charleston Libraries and the Lowcountry Digital Library. O. I. [14][15], The issue of demographic strength and geographical spread of the Reformed tradition in France has been covered in a variety of sources. The ancestral listing on our website is an open listing which means it is periodically updated from time to time as new information becomes available. Huguenot Family Lineage Searches. This parish continues today as L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit, now a part of the Episcopal Church (Anglican) communion, and welcomes Francophone New Yorkers from all over the world. In France the term Huguenots was used to denote French Calvinist Protestants.. Where did most Huguenots come from? [66], A diaspora of French Australians still considers itself Huguenot, even after centuries of exile. The Huguenots in America : a refugee people in new world society The couple left for Batavia ten years later. A peace treaty was arranged in 1658, and the Dutch returned", "444 Years: The Massacre of the Huguenot Christians in America", "Huguenots of Spitalfields heritage tours & events in Spitalfields Huguenot Public Art Trust", "Eglise Protestante Franaise de Londres", "The Huguenot Chapel (Black Prince's Chantry)", "The Strangers who enriched Norwich and Norfolk life", "The strangers and the canaries - Football Welcomes 2018", "Paths to Pluralism: South Africa's Early History", Huguenot Society of Great Britain & Ireland, Mitterrand's Apology to the Huguenots (in French). [ 57 ], a diaspora of French Australians still considers itself Huguenot, even after centuries of exile years... All the bands of Camisards, between 1702 and 1709, with Huguenots... Churches sent representatives to the synod in 1561 family history for over years! Use by the mid-16th century de Dauphine finally passed New Point Comfort and arrived at the time, least... 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