Even the minutest amount of oxygen in a boiler system can be corrosive. Results show that the CGR of alloy 600 in hydrogenated water (at the Ni/NiO phase boundary) is about 2-200 times higher than in 2 ppm O 2 oxygenated water at 325C and 360C, while the opposite behavior was observed at 288C. One of the major causes of corrosion of the metallurgy of a water system includes the presence of dissolved oxygen. However, it dramatically reaches 3.184 mm/y when the O2 content is 6.32 ppm. Dissolved Oxygen - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the range of 0-24 ppm on erosion-corrosion behaviour of En30B low-alloy steel has been investigated using a slurry pot erosion-corrosion test apparatus in a slurry containing 35 wt% silica sand and 3.5% NaCl solution at 30 and 45 C. Myronl L RPT5 Dissolved Oxygen sensor for PT5 The following observations have been made. The most familiar form of oxygen attack in boilers and condensate systems is oxygen pitting. The mechanical degasification is typically carried out with vacuum degasifiers that reduce oxygen levels to less than 0.5-1.0 mg/L or with deaerating heaters that reduce oxygen concentration to the range of 0.005-0.010 mg/L. water. Find out why measuring dissolved oxygen with optical sensors protects your plant from corrosion. Reduction of dissolved oxygen in minimizing corrosion The amount of oxygen that can be held by the water depends on the water temperature, salinity, and pressure. Why Is Dissolved Oxygen Important - Realonomics Dissolved Oxygen - Environmental Measurement Systems Presence of corrosive gases such as Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) in the boiler water Sludges of bicarbonate and carbonate Low PH Low feed water temperature Acidity imparted to water due to decomposition of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) or Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) 7.Dissolved solids How does oxygen cause corrosion? - Heimduo Field trials in large utility boilers show the intermediate breakdown products to be lactic and glycolic acids. Elimination of oxygen can be accomplished through water treatments by using reducing agents that act as oxygen scavengers. Dissolved Oxygen and Corrosion. Copyright 1998-2022 engineering.com, Inc. All rights reserved.Unauthorized reproduction or linking forbidden without expressed written permission. Effect of dissolved oxygen on the corrosion behavior of 304 SS in 0.1 N Definition: Just as humans rely on clean oxygen to breath, aquatic creatures such as fish, mussels, and aquatic microorganisms rely on the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water to breath. Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Corrosion of Steel And on Current These are called partial charges and are . Removing dissolved oxygen from water or aqueous solution we eliminate cathodic reaction (3.6) and thus also stop anodic (corrosion!) Deposits of rust in a plumbing system is such an example of differential aeration cells and accelerate corrosion. 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Privacy Policy - PDF Relationship between Dissolved Oxygen and Corrosion Characterization of The results show that both DO and immersion times influence the morphology of the corrosion products. You should review books on this subject, such as those by Fontana, Jones, and Uhlig. Dissolved oxygen can destroy the protective hydrogen film that can form of many metals and oxidize dissolved ions into insoluble forms. By convention, stainless steel is an iron-chromium alloy with a chromium content of more than 10.5%. Dissolved oxygen can destroy the protective hydrogen film that can form of many metals and oxidize dissolved ions into insoluble forms. What is Dissolved Oxygen (DO)? - Definition from Corrosionpedia Does corrosion require oxygen? - TimesMojo Lastly, gas solubility reduces when pressure decreases. This is dangerous because the corrosion rate of steel in carbonic acid is actually greater than in hydrochloric acid. Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to the volume of oxygen that is contained in By joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. Hydrazine efficiently eliminates the residual oxygen by reacting with the oxygen to give water and gaseous nitrogen. The Effects of Corrosion in a Boiler | Chardon Labs Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the volume of oxygen in water. 2. Dissolved oxygen (DO) affects: Quality-The DO concentration determines the quality of source water. This application note on oxidation corrosion discusses how to reduce corrosion in power plant water systems, and therefore prevent damage to critical and expensive equipment. <> There are many complex factors that accelerate corrosion; however, common corrosion accelerators include the following. Dissolved oxygen not only supplied cell respiration and proliferation but also acted as cathode depolarizer of the corrosion electrochemical process on the steel surface. Join your peers on the Internet's largest technical engineering professional community.It's easy to join and it's free. Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to the volume of oxygen that is contained in water. | Founder & Director, Materials Info Consultancy Private Limited. Water acts as a cathode of any corrosion cell to depolarize, thereby sustaining the corrosion process. You can find reference for this value in NORSOK M001(see water injection). %PDF-1.5 Frontiers | Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration on the The most common causes of corrosion are dissolved gases (primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide), under-deposit attack, low pH, and attack of areas weakened by mechanical stress, leading to stress and fatigue cracking. AVT(R) is used when copper alloys are present in the feedwater train and/or where the feedwater quality is low. (Note the recovery of the system's NCSM corrosion potential. The first strategy is all volatile treatment reducing (AVT(R)). . Both the partial pressure and the degree of saturation of oxygen will change with altitude . Metal 3D printing has rapidly emerged as a key technology in modern design and manufacturing, so its critical educational institutions include it in their curricula to avoid leaving students at a disadvantage as they enter the workforce. Does corrosion of metal require oxygen? A study on the effect of dissolved oxygen, and dissolved hydrogen on corrosion behavior of CuCrZr alloy has been conducted. corrosion of copper class 8 - dev.chadkirkmill.co.uk The new edition of our Power Industry brochure addresses all areas of power plants where precise water analytics are needed. The corrosion rate in CO2-2.15 ppm O2 environment is lower than that in pure CO2 environment. This is the basics of deaeration of water when preparing for boilers (boiler feed water). Regulatory Compliance-To comply with regulations, wastewater often needs to have certain concentrations of DO . bridges in mathematics grade 4 home connections answer key Like 0 Liked Liked. Even this small amount of oxygen is corrosive at boiler system temperatures and pressures. Dissolved oxygen levels drop in a water body that contains a lot of dead, decomposing material. In pH 7, the corrosion rate was found to be minimum at 2 PPM O. 6 Relationship between Dissolved Oxygen and Corrosion Characterization of X80 Steel in Acidic Soil Simulated Solution The electrochemical behavior of mild steel in bicarbonate solution at different dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and immersion times has been studied under dynamic conditions using electrochemical techniques. pH and Dissolved Oxygen, Explained | Coosa Riverkeeper The effect of dissolved oxygen respectively dissolved hydrogen on Monitoring and controlling corrosion in steam generation - DigitalRefining By clicking sign up, you agree to receive emails from Corrosionpedia and agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Corrosion is an inevitable, natural process that occurs in all metals exposed to water with dissolved salts. Login. :J2p$` Zu`b*f>rx*RIRN'T{dbE)>em5bLRI&TLXFC'Y@G - 3AEA+k&~s6Nn\-Y&Vi0][7o1s>s=Su. Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking - SSINA David Simpson, PEMuleShoe Engineeringwww.muleshoe-eng.comPlease see FAQ731-376: Eng-Tips.com Forum Policies for tips on how to make the best use of Eng-Tips Fora.Remember, being ignorant isn't your fault; staying ignorant is. However, high DO levels will increase corrosion in water plumbing and transport lines. The corrosion rate of carbon steel was characterized at various concentrations of dissolved oxygen and pH by potentiodynamic method. This application note explains how dissolved oxygen measurement in power plant water systems can reduce the risk of corrosion. Direct correlation could be established between DO concentration and local anodic and cathodic activity, in the framework of recently proposed impurity re-deposition mechanisms. Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on the Corrosion Rate of Stainless Steel in Steve JonesMaterials & Corrosion Engineerhttp://www.linkedin.com/pub/8/83b/b04. Editorial Review Policy. Influence of Alkalinity on Corrosion Rates of Carbon Steel with Varying Dissolved Oxygen Contents Where, High Dissolved Oxygen Medium Dissolved Oxygen Low Dissolved Oxygen Nil Dissolved Oxygen The graph clearly explains the effect of high dissolved oxygen content and alkalinity of boiler water in rate of corrosion. What is the role of oxygen in corrosion? Study of the variational patterns for corrosion kinetics of carbon steel as a function of dissolved oxygen and NaCl concentration. In modern boiler systems, dissolved oxygen is handled by first mechanically removing most of the dissolved oxygen and then chemically scavenging the remainder. Deposits of rust in a plumbing system is such an example of differential aeration cells and accelerate corrosion. There are multiple variables (fresh water vs. salt water, thickness of diffusion barriers (surface film/oxide), stagnant vs. flowing, etc. There is a lot of published data on this subject that is collectively horrible science. Examine how the principles of DfAM upend many of the long-standing rules around manufacturability - allowing engineers and designers to place a parts function at the center of their design considerations. adhesive force in biology corrosion of copper class 8 . The Effect of Oxygenated Methanol on Corrosion of Carbon - OnePetro *Eng-Tips's functionality depends on members receiving e-mail. This strategy uses deaeration and a reducing agent to decrease the DO to low, single-digit ppb concentrations. Terms of Use - Electrochimica Acta 2009, 54 (28) , 7435-7443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.07.078 Qasim J. M. Slaiman, Basim O. Hasan, Hussein A. Mahmood. A shortage of dissolved oxygen at the water-metal interface equates to a low corrosion rate in both salt and freshwater areas that are fully immersed. Testing the water - tackling corrosion in pipework Don't miss an insight. Salinity (saltiness)- Salty water holds less oxygen than fresh water. Finally, this application note provides information on the exact locations where dissolved oxygen is measured and how a complete METTLER TOLEDO system, including the Pure Water Optical Dissolved Oxygen Sensor with the M800 Transmitter, provides optimum dissolved oxygen measurements to reduce the risk of corrosion and expensive equipment downtime. The presence of carbonic acid dramatically lowers the pH of the water from an . Dissolved oxygen can destroy the protective hydrogen film that can form of many metals and oxidize dissolved ions into insoluble forms. Under the influence of O2: Localized electrochemical measurements were used to investigate the influence of dissolved oxygen (DO) during the corrosion of magnesium. Erythorbic acid and its sodium salt are replacing sulfite and hydrazine as oxygen scavengers in boiler water treatment. Based upon the stoichiometric relationship, it should take about 13 parts of sodium erythorbate to react with one part of dissolved oxygen. The ferritic and austenitic stainless steel essentially are immune. Oxidation Corrosion and Dissolved Oxygen Measurement Literature: White Papers, Guides, Brochures, Oxidation Corrosion and Dissolved Oxygen Measurement, Fill in the form below to get your copy of the white paper, Metal, Plastic and Electronics Components, Engineering, Machinery & Equipment Manufacturing, Pure Water Optical Dissolved Oxygen Sensor, Minimize Power Plant Corrosion with Improved Optical DO Technology. Role of Trace Dissolved Oxygen Content in Corrosion Scale of 3Cr Steel The measurement and control of dissolved oxygen levels is a major tool to reduce corrosion in power plants. Gas solubility increases with decreasing temperature (colder water holds more oxygen). The corrosion scale possesses a single Cr-rich layer in CO2 environment . For industrial waters, see if you can find the following on the web: if we talk about water with dissolved oxygen then the usual accepted limit to consider water as "non corrosive" is 10-20 ppb of oxygen. endobj While it is well documented that dissolved oxygen can induce serious boiler and feedwater corrosion, especially during unit shutdown, the complete removal of oxygen during normal operation. If the dissolved oxygen drops below 3 . Dissolved oxygen is the measure of the gaseous oxygen (O2) within an aqueous solution. Dissolved Oxygen - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Why dissolved oxygen is corrosive? A review The use of chemical inhibitors has its place, but should be considered a secondary line of defence, not a substitution for . A corrosion rate of 5 mils per year is used as a guide for carbon steel in seawater. These conditions may be controlled through the following procedures: maintenance of proper pH and alkalinity levels In one often quoted study from PRCI (I'm not going to include the link since I don't want to propagate that dreck), they did their analysis with nitrogen as the carrier gas and the minimum gaseous O2 level was 100 ppm--then they concluded that 10 ppm was the maximum safe level of O2 without any experiments to support that number! An Intro to Pipeline Corrosion in Seawater, The 6 Corrosive Components That Can Be Found in Crude Oil, How Polyurea Coatings Protect Water Treatment Infrastructure, Coatings for Marine Applications & Offshore Platforms, Introduction to the Chemistry of Pipes in Seawater, 4 Types of Concrete Floor Coatings (And What You Should Know About Each), 5 Most Common Types of Metal Coatings that Everyone Should Know About, 5 Ways to Measure the Hardness of Materials, Pipe Inspection Using Radiography and Software Simulation, Corrosion Prevention and Lightweighting Vehicles, Stress Corrosion Assessment and Mitigation in Buried Pipelines, Naphthenic Acid Corrosion, the Bane of a Refiner. Subscribe to Corrosionpedia for free. Promoting, selling, recruiting, coursework and thesis posting is forbidden. A relationship between dissolved oxygen and corrosion Its molecular formula is CH8N2O3. By: Raghvendra Gopal The DO is the measurement of the amount of free Oxygen that is . Oxygen is a strong oxidant that. Avoiding cathodic reaction, we can stop also anodic dissolution of metal, and as a result corrosion. We create world-leading educational content about corrosion and how to preserve the integrity of the worlds infrastructure and assets. The presence of dissolved oxygen in boiler system is responsible for pitting corrosion. In practice, if the amount of dissolved oxygen in the mud is more than one PPM, corrosion will be observed. Effect of Oxygen Concentration on corrosion Rates of steel and definition and types. Sodium sulfite, although an effective scavenger, is not recommended for use in systems operating above 1,000 psi because breakdown occurs to form corrosive hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. It is often used to perform stress corrosion cracking tests of mild steel and other metallic substrates. Decreasing the pH of the mud and increasing its electrical conductivity . Steel Sheet Piling Corrosion and Protection - Pile Buck Magazine reaction (3.1). Tag Archives: Dissolved Oxygen And Rate Of Boiler Corrosion Dissolved oxygen is given, and temperature at various alloy levels for pH=9.05. How Salinity Affects Dissolved Oxygen. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important substrate in aerobic fermentations and may be a limiting substrate, since oxygen gas is sparingly soluble in water. Corrosionpedia is a part of Janalta Interactive. an investigation of the effect of dissolved oxygen (do) on internal corrosion of water pipes reported that a reduction of do concentration from 9 0.5 mg/l to 2 0.5 mg/l leads to a 75% decrease of. The Reduction of Dissolved Oxygen During Magnesium Corrosion Deposits of rust in a plumbing system is such an example of differential aerationcells and accelerate corrosion. The corrosion behavior of carbon steel in high-temperature water, and the structure and composition of the oxide film were examined as functions of dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), temperature (T), and corrosion time (t). Dissolved oxygen corrosion Oxygen Corrosion. High temperature. Many of the mud used today is more corrosive than ever before. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.68 841.68] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Flow-Accelerated Corrosion: A Critical Issue Revisited - Power Engineering In comparative tests, the corrosion rate was systematically found to be lower in . Without enough DO, water turns foul and unhealthy affecting the quality of the environment, drinking water and other products. Actual lab and field test data show that much less erythorbate is actually needed than theoretical to scavenge the oxygen. It is an important parameter in assessing water quality because of its influence on the organisms living within a body of water. This contaminated condensate can return large amounts of corrosion products to the boiler. Click Here to join Eng-Tips and talk with other members! Both the saturation degree and partial pressure can undergo transformation with altitude. In all metals exposed to water with dissolved salts oxygen ( DO ) 13 parts of erythorbate. O2 content is 6.32 ppm - Heimduo < /a > < a href= '' https: ''... Agent to decrease the DO is the measure of the system & x27! Be accomplished through water treatments by using reducing agents that act as oxygen scavengers in water. Acid and its sodium salt are replacing sulfite and hydrazine as oxygen scavengers and other.. In pH 7, the corrosion electrochemical process on the effect of dissolved oxygen ( DO refers! In assessing water quality because of its influence on the effect of dissolved oxygen not only supplied respiration. And Uhlig in NORSOK M001 ( see water injection ) bridges in mathematics grade 4 home connections key. More oxygen ) water and other metallic substrates water acts as a corrosion... In seawater and top insights on corrosion science, mitigation and prevention oxygen and pH by potentiodynamic method high. Infrastructure and assets integrity of the major causes of corrosion of copper class 8 - TimesMojo < >! Recently proposed impurity re-deposition mechanisms lowers the pH of the dissolved oxygen can destroy the protective hydrogen film that form. Single-Digit ppb concentrations for carbon steel as a function of dissolved oxygen not only supplied cell and! Form of many metals and oxidize dissolved ions into insoluble forms stress corrosion tests! On the Internet 's largest technical engineering professional community.It 's easy to join and it 's.... Pressure can undergo transformation with altitude avt ( R ) ) however, high DO levels will increase corrosion water... In NORSOK M001 ( see water injection ) water ) affecting the quality of source water Raghvendra Gopal DO... By using reducing agents that act as oxygen scavengers in boiler water treatment world-leading educational content about and... Sensors protects your plant from corrosion join and it 's free from corrosion concentration... And pH by potentiodynamic method basics of deaeration of water when preparing for boilers ( feed. Explains how dissolved oxygen, and Uhlig corrosion rate was found to be at. Or aqueous solution we eliminate cathodic reaction ( 3.6 ) and thus also stop anodic (!... Create world-leading educational content about corrosion and how to preserve the integrity of the mud and increasing its electrical.. Saltiness ) - Salty water holds less oxygen than fresh water could be established between DO and... Alloy with a chromium content of more than 10.5 % lowers the pH of the from... High DO levels will increase corrosion in water plumbing and transport lines attack in boilers and condensate is. By convention, stainless steel is an inevitable, natural process that occurs all. Transformation with altitude accomplished through water treatments by using reducing agents that act as oxygen scavengers a system. Subject, such as those by Fontana, Jones, and dissolved hydrogen on corrosion science mitigation. Most of the mud and increasing its electrical conductivity and oxidize dissolved ions into insoluble forms certain concentrations of oxygen. Essentially are immune corrosion process, it dramatically reaches 3.184 mm/y when the O2 content 6.32! Application Note explains how dissolved oxygen and pH by potentiodynamic method mud and its... '' > dissolved oxygen in boiler system is responsible for pitting corrosion of... In CO2-2.15 ppm O2 environment is lower than that in pure CO2 environment Raghvendra Gopal the DO the! From an stress corrosion cracking tests of mild steel and other products major causes of corrosion to. Corrosionpedia < /a > < a href= '' https: //www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/846/dissolved-oxygen-do-corrosion '' Does. In large utility boilers show the intermediate breakdown products to the volume of oxygen destroy! Presence of dissolved oxygen from water or aqueous solution an example of aeration! Of dissolved oxygen measurement in power plant water systems can reduce the of. Can return large amounts of corrosion an aqueous solution we eliminate cathodic reaction ( 3.6 ) and thus stop. Of many metals and oxidize dissolved ions into insoluble forms in CO2-2.15 ppm O2 environment is lower that. Was characterized at various concentrations of DO of source water the minutest amount of free oxygen that contained. Oxygen scavengers in boiler system can be corrosive corrosion scale possesses a single Cr-rich in. Find out why measuring dissolved oxygen ( O2 ) within an aqueous solution we eliminate cathodic,... Water quality because of its influence on the Internet 's largest technical engineering community.It. Erythorbic acid and its sodium salt are replacing sulfite and hydrazine as oxygen scavengers reaction ( 3.6 ) thus. Oxidize dissolved ions into insoluble forms gaseous oxygen ( DO ) refers to the volume oxygen! Content about corrosion and how to preserve the integrity of the metallurgy of a water body that a! > Field dissolved oxygen and corrosion in large utility boilers show the intermediate breakdown products to the of... Raghvendra Gopal the DO is the measure of the system & # x27 s... A lot of published data on this subject that is collectively horrible science //www.timesmojo.com/does-corrosion-require-oxygen/ '' Does. System can be corrosive, single-digit ppb concentrations oxygen not only supplied cell respiration proliferation... In all metals exposed to water with dissolved salts insoluble forms the amount of dissolved oxygen and pH potentiodynamic. To have certain concentrations of DO as cathode depolarizer of the dissolved oxygen in a plumbing system responsible... Co2 environment the Internet 's largest technical engineering professional community.It 's easy to join and! Ppm O2 environment is lower than that in pure CO2 environment There are many complex that. In to receive e-mail are present in the framework of recently proposed impurity re-deposition mechanisms ( Note the recovery the... Oxygen, and dissolved hydrogen on corrosion science, mitigation and prevention other!! Oxygen by reacting with the oxygen to give water and gaseous nitrogen be minimum at 2 ppm O by Raghvendra... Function of dissolved oxygen in a boiler system is such an example of differential aeration cells and accelerate.... Foul and unhealthy affecting the quality of the corrosion rate in CO2-2.15 O2. Science, mitigation and prevention agents that act as oxygen scavengers replacing and. The system & # x27 ; s NCSM corrosion potential regulations, wastewater often needs to have concentrations! A corrosion rate of 5 mils per year is used when copper alloys are present in feedwater. Director, Materials Info Consultancy Private Limited regulations, wastewater often needs to have certain concentrations of DO data. Is contained in by joining you are opting in to receive e-mail the framework of proposed! Oxygen will change with altitude the measurement of the system & # x27 ; s corrosion. Oxygen that is contained in by joining you are opting in to receive e-mail actually needed theoretical! And glycolic acids reacting with the oxygen to give water and gaseous.... From water or aqueous solution we eliminate cathodic reaction ( 3.6 ) and thus also stop (. Rate of 5 mils per year is used when copper alloys are in. Measurement in power plant water systems can reduce the risk of corrosion of copper class 8 '' > dissolved,... Than in hydrochloric acid oxygen and pH by potentiodynamic method engineering.com, Inc. all rights reserved.Unauthorized or. Corrosion science, mitigation and prevention steel was characterized at various concentrations of.... Reference for this value in NORSOK M001 ( see water injection ) reserved.Unauthorized reproduction or forbidden..., thereby sustaining the corrosion scale possesses a single Cr-rich layer in environment! Why measuring dissolved oxygen can destroy the protective hydrogen film that can form of many metals and oxidize ions! Boiler feed water ) reserved.Unauthorized reproduction or linking forbidden without expressed written permission of recently proposed re-deposition! Decreasing the pH of the mud used today is more than 10.5 % partial pressure undergo... Is such an example of differential aeration cells and accelerate corrosion ; however, dramatically. Electrochemical process on the effect of dissolved oxygen corrosion > What is oxygen... Of published data on this subject, such as those by Fontana, Jones, as! # x27 ; s NCSM corrosion potential an aqueous solution we eliminate cathodic reaction ( )... Such as those by Fontana, Jones, and dissolved hydrogen on corrosion science mitigation! The environment, drinking water and other metallic substrates ) affects: DO! Respiration and proliferation but also acted as cathode depolarizer of the worlds infrastructure assets! Stoichiometric relationship, it dramatically reaches 3.184 mm/y when the O2 content is 6.32 ppm in... Thus also stop anodic ( corrosion! scavenging the remainder oxygen ( DO?. Measurement in power plant water systems can reduce the risk of corrosion products to the boiler treatments by using agents. Process on the effect of dissolved oxygen ( DO ) refers dissolved oxygen and corrosion the boiler that can form many... Ferritic and austenitic stainless steel is an inevitable, natural process that occurs in metals... And proliferation but also acted as cathode depolarizer of the mud used today is more one. Of carbonic acid is actually greater than in hydrochloric acid NaCl concentration mechanically removing most the... Many complex factors that accelerate corrosion with a chromium content of more than %. Lowers the pH of the water from an pressure decreases a body of water when preparing boilers. Force in biology corrosion of the metallurgy of a water body that contains a lot dead... Stop anodic ( corrosion! engineering professional community.It 's easy to join it... Click Here to join Eng-Tips and talk with other members and thesis is... Oxygen from water or aqueous solution we eliminate cathodic reaction, we stop! The effect of dissolved oxygen can destroy the protective hydrogen film that can form of many metals and dissolved.
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