[46], As part of a broader trend of iron metallurgy developed in the West African Sahel amid 1st millennium BCE, iron items (350 BCE 100 CE) were found at Dhar Tagant, iron metalworking and/or items (800 BCE 400 BCE) were found at Dia Shoma and Walald, and the iron remnants (760 BCE 400 BCE) found at Bou Khzama and Djiganyai. [33], European contacts within Sierra Leone were among the first in West Africa during the 15th century. [60], Named for the Bura archaeological site located near Bura in southwestern Niger, the Bura culture produced a variety of distinctive artifacts made of clay, iron and stone. The standby special forces squadron and 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment (1 PARA), were both ordered to prepare for a potential operation in Sierra Leone; and several RAF transport aircraft were taken off other duties and ordered to be prepared to airlift special forces and/or 1 PARA to Lungi airport. [101] In 2008, the permanent British contingent in Sierra Leone was reduced to 100 personnel. The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. The president of the United Council of Imam is Sheikh Alhaji Muhammad Habib Sheriff. [30] In the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century, U.S. states began to slowly raise the minimum legal age at which individuals were allowed to marry. [123] Sierra Leone is a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US military (as covered under Article 98). [15] The Atlantic Ocean forms the western and southern borders of the West African region. He solidified all the newly won territories. Only Liberia was independent before 1958. In December 2005, UN peacekeeping forces pulled out of Sierra Leone. The SLA and some militia groups began to enter the camps but the RUF did not. Riots in 1955 and 1956 involved "tens of thousands" of Sierra Leoneans in the Protectorate.[69]. However, it regained much of its former power in the reigns of Oba Eresoyen and Oba Akengbuda. The first of these goals is to provide solar power to at least 50,000 homes in 2016, the second is 250,000 homes by 2017, and finally to provide power to 1,000,000 people by 2020. After 1599, the empire lost the Bambouk goldfields and disintegrated into petty polities.[70]. Two other commercial TV operators (ABC and AIT) closed after they were not profitable. In 1799 some of the settlers revolted. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. Nigeria's infection rate relative to the entire population, however, is much lower (3.7 percent) compared to South Africa's (17.3 percent). Foreign diplomats in the country estimated that the RUF could be in Freetown within a week, since the SLA had been confined to barracks and had handed over most of its weapons in accordance with the Lom Agreement. [81] Find a U.S. COVID-19 testing location near you or use a self-test. Catholic canon law adopted Roman law, which set the minimum age of marriage at 12 years old for females and 14 years old for males. [190] The two largest mosques in Sierra Leone are the Freetown Central Mosque and the Ghadafi Central Mosque (built by former Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi), both located in the capital Freetown. 16, with court approval for male and female, their consent and their parents consent is needed. [133] Each chiefdom has ruling families that were recognised at that time; the Tribal Authority, made up of local notables, elects the paramount chief from the ruling families. The northern border is the Sahara Desert, with the Ranishanu Bend generally considered the northernmost part of the region. [155] In the 1970s and early 1980s, economic growth rate slowed because of a decline in the mining sector and increasing corruption among government officials. The British were the catalyst for the ceasefire that ended the civil war. Mature minors allowed to marry with judicial permission. [43] William Pitt the Younger, prime minister and leader of the Tory party, had an active interest in the Scheme because he saw it as a means to repatriate the Black Poor to Africa, since "it was necessary they should be sent somewhere, and be no longer suffered to infest the streets of London". The much smaller Vai and Kru peoples are primarily found in Kailahun and Pujehun Districts near the border with Liberia. "Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period", "Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started By Changes In Earth's Orbit, Accelerated By Atmospheric And Vegetation Feedbacks", "Early Pottery in Northern Africa An Overview", "The First Emergence of Ceramic Production in Africa", "Africa over the last 12000 years: how we can interpret the interface of archaeology, linguistics and genetics", "What ever Happened to the People? Sierra Leone is home to Sub-Saharan Africa's first Western-style university: Fourah Bay College (established in 1827). Other popular destinations for tourists include the Freetown Cotton Tree, located in Central Freetown, a significant national monument and integral to the founding of the city; Bunce Island, which is a boat ride from the city, is home to the ruins of the slave fortress that was being used during the Transatlantic slave trade; the Sierra Leone Museum, which has a collection of both precolonial as well as colonial artifacts and other items of historical significance; the National Railway Museum; or take a journey around the city's coastline with the popular Sea Coach Express. In many developing countries, the official age prescriptions stand as mere guidelines. 18 for males and 16 for females with statutory agent's consent. [258], Print media is not widely read in Sierra Leone, especially outside Freetown and other major cities, partially due to the low levels of literacy in the country. [181], Between 2000 BP and 1500 BP, Nilo-Saharan-speakers may have migrated across the Sahel, from East Africa into West Africa, and admixed with Niger-Congo-speaking Berom people. Later, ivory, slaves, and kola nuts were also traded. European traders first became a force in the region in the 15th century, with the 1445 establishment of a Portuguese trading post at Arguin Island, off the coast of present-day Senegal; by 1475, Portuguese traders had reached as far as the Bight of Benin. [52], The considerable commonalities, absent in modern North African cultures, are present and able to be found between Round Head paintings and modern Sub-Saharan African cultures. Providence and Q Coffee are caught up in a legal squabble over the building. In 1897, the British sacked the city. Some of these houses, like the Pepples of Bonny, were well known in the Americas and Europe. It is estimated that there will be a 30% to 40% cost reduction on solar products with the lack of duties and taxes. [140], Ebola virus disease, first identified in 1976, typically occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, including West Africa. A footnote in Microsoft's submission to the UK's Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has let slip the reason behind Call of Duty's absence from the Xbox Game Pass library: Sony and [139], As of 2011[update], HIV prevalence in western Africa is lowest in Senegal and highest in Nigeria, which has the second largest number of people living with HIV in Africa after South Africa. Non-denominational Protestants form a significant minority of Sierra Leone's Christian population. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under. [13], In Western countries, marriages of teenagers have become rare in recent years, with their frequency declining during the past few decades. By the early 1700s, it was wrecked with dynastic disputes and civil wars. The World We Have Lost. Daron Acemoglu, Tristan Reed. Steven was later freed and fled the country; went into exile in neighbouring Guinea. Females, experiencing higher levels of rapes, presented greater signs of depression and anxiety. Spices such as cinnamon were introduced and became part of the local culinary traditions. [128][129] The RSLMF remained a single-service organisation until 1979, when the Sierra Leone Navy was established. [24], The Purposes of the United Nations are[1], The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles:[1], Chapter II of the United Nations Charter deals with membership of the United Nations organization. GTV subsequently went out of business, leaving DStv as the only provider of subscription satellite television in the country. [45] The urban[43] Tichitt Tradition may have been the earliest large-scale, complexly organized society in West Africa,[46] and an early civilization of the Sahel and Sahara,[9][7] which may have served as the segue for state formation in West Africa. They built towns between the Pra and Ofin rivers. A governing council served the empire, with clear executive divisions. The Kono are descendants of migrants from Guinea; today their workers are known primarily as diamond miners. [230], One of the consequences women in Sierra Leone face after a prolonged and obstructed labour that would have required a c-section is obstetric fistula. [8] During the Holocene, sedentary farming developed in West Africa among the ancestors of modern West Africans. Government officials soon became involved in the scheme as well, although their interest was spurred by the possibility of resettling a large group of poor citizens elsewhere. In politics the overwhelming majority of Sierra Leoneans vote for a candidate without regard of the candidate being a Muslim or a Christian. Communication throughout the empire was maintained via a network of well-kept roads from the coast to the middle Niger and linking together other trade cities. The age of consent law in question has to do with the law of rape and not the law of marriage as sometimes misunderstood. In May 1997, a two-man training team from the British Army was sent to train SLA officers but discovered that the SLA's strength was much lower than it had reported. English is the official language used in schools and government administration. Consummation would not take place until the age of maturity. [83] A British soldier and at least 25 West Side Boys were killed in the operation. In July 2019, Mozambique passed a law to ban child marriage outright. [127] The European Africanist paradigm uses this as the primary reference point for its construction of origins narratives for darker skinned North Africans (e.g., imported slaves from Sub-Saharan West Africa). Realizing that he lacked sufficient strength, he resorted to diplomacy. In 1730, under king Agaja, Dahomey was conquered by the Oyo Empire, and Dahomey had to pay tribute. Bambay Kamara was also a strong Momoh loyalist and supporter. (2003), Book review: "The Athens of West Africa: A History of International Education at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone by Daniel J. Paracka Jr. New York: Routledge". Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut, and marriage under 19 in these provinces requires parental or court consent (see Marriage in Canada). Several mudslides occurred in the early hours of 14 August 2017 in and near the country's capital Freetown. It was described by an SAS soldier as "not a clinical, black balaclava, Princes Gate type operation. In 1725, the cattle-herding Fulanis of Fouta Djallon launched the first major reformist jihad of the region, overthrowing the local animist, Mande-speaking elites and attempting to somewhat democratize their society. Though according to Professor C. Magbaily Fyle, this might have been a misinterpretation from historians. [2] As a charter and constituent treaty, its rules and obligations are binding on all members and supersede those of other treaties. Nevertheless, most jurisdictions allow marriage at a younger age with parental or judicial approval, and some also allow adolescents to marry if the female is pregnant. (These rules may have been revised after. [85] Brigadier Lansana and Hinga Norman, the main army officers involved in the first coup (1967), were unceremoniously dismissed from the armed forces and made to serve time in prison. [66] With this change, the British began to expand their administration in the region, recruiting British citizens to posts and pushing Krios out of positions in government and even the desirable residential areas in Freetown.[66]. In contrast, 18 is the legal age for marriage without consent among males in 180 countries. There were also concerns that an assault would become more dangerous if the West Side Boys moved the hostages. Recruitment changed format after the Atlantic slave trade was abolished by European and American governments in 19th century. Shafii, Hanbali, and Maliki schools of classical Islamic jurisprudence interpret the "age of marriage", in the Quran (24:59), as completion of puberty; that is 15-17. The Songhai people are descended from fishermen on the Middle Niger River. Gajiganna Chronology and Settlement History", "A Chronology of the Central Nigerian Nok Culture 1500 BC to the Beginning of the Common Era", "The oldest textiles from sub-Saharan West Africa: woolen facts from Kissi, Burkina Faso", "Azelik Takedda et le cuivre mdival dans la rgion d'Agadez", "The settlement mound of Birnin Lafiya: new evidence from the eastern arc of the Niger River", "Excavations at Gao Saney: New Evidence for Settlement Growth, Trade, and Interaction on the Niger Bend in the First Millennium CE", "Dia Shoma (Mali), a Medieval Cemetery in the Inner Niger Delta", "The Malian Lakes Region redefined: archaeological survey of the Gorbi Valley", "Two thousand years of West African history", "Saving Sungbo's Eredo: a challenge to Nigerian archaeologists", "Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata", "Archaeology and the Study of Early Urban Centres in Nigeria", "Revisiting old Oyo: Report on an interdisciplinary field study", "Timbuktu in Terror: Architecture and Iconoclasm in Contemporary Africa", "Imams of Gonja: The Kamaghate and the Transmission of Islam to the Volta Basin", "Underground village of Agongointo-Zoungoudo", "Introduction to the History of the Tagant Plateau", "Megalithic monumentality in Africa: from graves to stone circles at Wanar, Senegal", "The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_West_Africa&oldid=1118836553, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2014, Articles needing additional references from August 2014, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Daima (2nd millennium BCE - 16th/17th century CE), Birnin Lafiya (4th century CE - 13th century CE), This page was last edited on 29 October 2022, at 05:32. More specifically, the Iron Age civilization exemplified by the Bura culture was centered in the southwestern region of modern Niger and in the southeast region of modern Burkina Faso (previously known as Upper Volta). Pro-slavery advocates accused the Black Poor of being responsible for a large proportion of crime in 18th century London. [60], It is not yet known how the Bura culture is connected with other ancient African cultures and with later Islamic-influenced Sahelian kingdoms such as Ghana, early Mali, later Mali, or Songhai. After the execution of Bangura, a group of soldiers loyal to the executed general held a mutiny in Freetown and other parts of the country in opposition to Stevens' government. With the lack of new faces in the new APC cabinet under president Momoh and the return of many of the old faces from Stevens' government, criticisms soon arose that Momoh was simply perpetuating the rule of Stevens. total: 1,0938km Njala University was established as the Njala Agricultural Experimental Station in 1910 and became a university in 2005. After much rivalry, Muhammad Ture's last son Askiya Daoud (15291582) assumed the throne.[75]. Gravrand, Henry: "La Civilization Sereer Pangool". The gold trade had been diverted to Europeans on the coast. This Q Coffee Emporium in the Point at Peachtree retail and commercial development on Scottsville Road will soon be joined by a second Q location on Waterbury Court near Nashville Road. Stevens began efforts that would later improve transportation and movements between the provinces and the city of Freetown. [280], The minimum age for marriage was 13 years old for males and 12 years old for females but formal betrothal could take place before that and often did. [1] It establishes the purposes, governing structure, and overall framework of the UN system, including its six principal organs: the Secretariat, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Trusteeship Council. It was later annexed in 1900 by the British Empire following four Anglo-Ashanti wars.[86]. ", This page was last edited on 28 October 2022, at 22:32. [note 1][24] Following the restoration of the elected government by the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in February 1998, HMS Cornwall sailed to Freetown with food and medical supplies. Bai Sherbro was a chief and warrior on Bonthe Island, in the southwestern part of the country. provision of technical assistance to develop countries. [163] In addition to having similarity with the remnant of a more basal Sub-Saharan African lineage (e.g., a basal West African lineage shared between Yoruba and Mende peoples), the Sub-Saharan African DNA in the Taforalt people of the Iberomaurusian culture may be best represented by modern West Africans (e.g., Yoruba). Sierra Leone has diplomatic relations that include China, Russia,[120] Libya, Iran, and Cuba. This left them traumatised, with an estimated 400,000 people (by 2009) being mentally ill. Thousands of former child soldiers have fallen into substance abuse as they try to blunt their memories. However, marriage in Scotland at such young ages was in practice almost unknown.[31]. For her loyalty, she was awarded a silver medal by Queen Victoria. The small but significant Krio people (descendants of freed African American, West Indian and Liberated African slaves who settled in Freetown between 1787 and about 1885) make up about 3% of the population. In April 2010, the SLBS merged with the United Nations peacekeeping radio station in Sierra Leone to form the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation,[248][249] the government-owned current national broadcaster in Sierra Leone. However, Article 71 creates an exception to the above, stating: "(1) Where the girl does not complete the age provided under Article 70 of this law, the marriage may be concluded only through her father or the competent court. The Aberdenn-Lumley area is a favourite destination for those venturing into the city's nightlife. It has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup but participated in the 1994 and 1996 African Cup of Nations. The Iron industry, in both smelting and forging for tools and weapons, appeared in Sub-Saharan Africa by 1200 BCE, and by 400 BCE, contact had been made with the Mediterranean civilizations, and a regular trade included exporting gold, cotton, metal, and leather in exchange for copper, horses, salt, textiles, and beads. L.J. West Africa is west of an imagined northsouth axis lying close to 10 east longitude, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and Sahara Desert. [58] The monuments consist of what were originally upright blocks or pillars (some have collapsed), made of mostly laterite with smooth surfaces. Aktuln znn", "If you wish to get married in Denmark General conditions for marriage", "Chapitre Ier: Des qualits et conditions requises pour pouvoir contracter mariage (Articles 143 164) - Lgifrance", "Fassung 1303 BGB a.F. [49], The readiness of several other assets was heightened on 5 May. Opoku Ware I (17201745) engaged in further expansion, adding other southern Akan states to the growing empire. Among the soldiers arrested was a little-known army corporal, Foday Sankoh, a strong Bangura supporter, who would later form the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). [1] During the Pleistocene, Middle Stone Age peoples (e.g., Iwo Eleru people,[2] possibly Aterians), who dwelled throughout West Africa between MIS 4 and MIS 2,[3] were gradually replaced by incoming Late Stone Age peoples, who migrated into West Africa[4] as an increase in humid conditions resulted in the subsequent expansion of the West African forest. Bai Sherbro was captured and with Bai Bureh, exiled to the Gold Coast (modern Ghana). The STTTs also formed a small special forces unit within the SLAthe Force Reconnaissance Unit (FRU)to provide a morale boost and to give soldiers something to which they could aspire. The Indian Army Gurkhasattached to UNAMSILwere under siege by the RUF at their base in Kailahun. Family courts able to recognise marriage for 16 and above in special cases. [16][17] The first two were relatively minor operations: a series of air strikes against Iraq in 1998 codenamed Operation Desert Fox,[18] and a deployment of a company of Gurkhas and special forces on peacekeeping operations in East Timor in 1999. That legal battle is still playing out, but it isnt stopping Q Coffees owners from moving forward with expansion plans that were baked into the Scottsville Road location. Soon after, rebels received aid from the neighboring nations of Senegal and Guinea-Conakry. Upon arrival in Sierra Leone, each recaptive was given a registration number, and information on their physical qualities would be entered into the Register of Liberated Africans. Colonial boundaries are reflected in the modern boundaries between contemporary West African states, cutting across ethnic and cultural lines, often dividing single ethnic groups between two or more states. The eastern border is less precise, with some placing it at the Benue Trough, and The United Nations Observer Mission to Sierra Leone was replaced with the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL), which included a force of 260 military observers. Each member of the Security Council shall have one representative. Under 18 with parental consent and permission of the Ministry of the Interior. The operation (codenamed Operation Khukri) was eventually launched on 10 July. About 400 black and 60 white colonists reached Sierra Leone on 15 May 1787. As designated by the Sierra Leone Constitution, the vice-president is to become the new president of Sierra Leone upon the death, resignation, or removal of the President. Loggers have extended their operations to Nimini, Kono District, Eastern Province; Jui, Western Rural District, Western Area; Loma Mountains National Park, Koinadougu, Northern Province; and with plans to start operations in the Kambui Forest reserve in the Kenema District, Eastern Province. This was in part, due to the soldiers not being paid by the government. The Sierra Leone national football team, popularly known as the Leone Stars, represents the country in international competitions. In September 2017, a Sierra Leone-based Nigerian Pentecostal Christian pastor name Victor Ajisafe was arrested by the Sierra Leone Police and held in jail after he made controversial remarks against Islam and Sierra Leonean Muslims in particular at his church sermon in the capital Freetown. They began moving into Sierra Leone slowly and peacefully in the eighteenth century. [28] While European noblewomen often married early, they were a small minority of the population,[29] and the marriage certificates from Canterbury show that even among nobility it was very rare to marry women off at very early ages. But at the equivalent tournament in 2006, Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League, it finished as runner-up to Mozambique, and just missed promotion to Division Two. 132 members are elected concurrently with the presidential elections; the other 16 seats are filled by paramount chiefs from the country's 16 administrative districts. Bureh was allowed to return in 1905, when he resumed his chieftaincy of Kasseh. Originally named Serra Leoa (Portuguese for 'lioness mountains') by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra in 1462, the modern name is derived from the Italian spelling, which was introduced by Venetian explorer Alvise Cadamosto and subsequently copied by other European mapmakers. European traders first became a force in the region in the 15th century. The second part of the preamble is a declaration in a contractual style that the governments of the peoples of the United Nations have agreed to the Charter and it is the first international document regarding human rights. An email has been sent to with a link to confirm list signup. Weve recently added Roman pizza to the menu, and that has been well-received.. Compared to the 2000 survey access has increased in urban areas, but has declined in rural areas, possibly because facilities have broken down because of a lack of maintenance.[238][240]. A small community of Orthodox Christians resides in the capital Freetown.[209]. Famine has been an occasional but serious problem in West Africa. [179][180][181] Most the major Muslim and Christian holidays are officially national holidays in the country, and religious conflict is rare.[182]. [166], As a result of haplogroup D0, a basal branch of haplogroup DE, being found in three Nigerian men, it may be the case that haplogroup DE originated in Africa. [93], The RUF was coming under increasing pressure from political angles as well as from the British-trained SLA. The country is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Mano River Union, Commonwealth of Nations, IMF, World Bank, WTO, African Development Bank, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Success! However, on 23 March 1967, a group of military officers in the Sierra Leone Army led by Brigadier General Andrew Juxon-Smith, staged a counter coup against Commander Lansana. Sierra Leone is known for its blood diamonds that were mined and sold to diamond conglomerates during the civil war, to buy the weapons that fuelled its atrocities. The pastor while in Sierra Leone police custody apologised to Sierra Leonean Muslims and to the government of Sierra Leone. Aside from the human cost, the outbreak was severely eroding the economy. [128] The religious polemical narrative involving the suffering of enslaved European Christians of the Barbary slave trade has also been adapted to fit the simulated narrative of a comparable number of enslaved Africans being transported by Muslim slaver caravans, from the south of Saharan Africa, into North Africa and the Islamic world. [53], On 1 January 1808, Thomas Ludlam, the Governor of the Sierra Leone Company and a leading abolitionist, surrendered the company's charter. It called for no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people, the right to self-determination for all peoples, restoration of self-government to those deprived of it, reduction of trade barriers, global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for the world, freedom from fear and want, freedom of the seas, and abandonment of the use of force, including mutual disarmament after the war. Minimum marriageable age increased from 17 to 18 in November 2013. Tishkoff et al., Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages, Prehistoric West Africa Early Stone Age, Tichitt Culture Tichitt Cultural Tradition, Sahelian kingdoms History of Sahel kingdoms, List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Oyo, Economic Community of West African States, Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia, Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, public health emergency of international concern, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, government blockade of the Breakaway territory, Methodist Relief & Development Fund (MRDF), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans Archaic African hominins, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa, "The Stone Age Archaeology of West Africa", "Korounkorokal revisited: ThePays Mande and the West African microlithic technocomplex", "The Middle Stone Age occupations of Timassas, coastal West Africa, between 62 and 25 thousand years ago", "Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa", "Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene", "A New Recording Of Mauritanian Rock Art", "Coping with uncertainty: Neolithic life in the Dhar Tichitt-Walata, Mauritania, (ca. He brought the Hausa states into the Songhay trading network. bis 22.07.2017 (gendert durch Artikel 1 G. v. 17.07.2017 BGBl. Several committees were formed to facilitate and address different aspects of the drafting process, with over 400 meetings convened in the subsequent weeks. Browse our listings to find jobs in Germany for expats, including jobs for English speakers or those in your native language. The resulting series of firefights lasted several hours, after which the RUF withdrew, having suffered 30 casualties.
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