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loss of excitation ansi code

What happen When Synchronous Generator loss Excitation Generator Protection Training - Electrical Engineering It is a switch which makes or breaks contact main device or a device which has no device function number reaches a given position. ins.className = 'adsbygoogle ezasloaded'; activated when the excitation reduce or completely lost [1]. Generator Protection - Types of Faults & Protection Devices data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKAAAAB4CAYAAAB1ovlvAAADOUlEQVR4Xu3XQUpjYRCF0V9RcOIW3I8bEHSgBtyJ28kmsh5x4iQEB6/BWQ . GE, Universal Relay (UR) family of products, Version 8.0x, 0 = SRC 1, 1 = SRC 2, Loss of Excitation (LOE) Protection of Generator by R-X Schemes ins.style.height = container.attributes.ezah.value + 'px'; It will lead loss of electric power and penalty or economic loss to Generation Company. ANSI Codes - Device Designation Numbers. It is a device that operates or permits the operation of, another device on a predetermined polarity only, or verifies the presence of a polarizing voltage in equipment. According to the trend of the measured value curve, the corresponding reactive power should be about 0.6 pu. 3 Checking or Interlocking Relay, complete Sequence, 5 Stopping Device, Emergency Stop Switch, 19 Starting-to-Running Transition Contactor, 20 Electrically-Operated Valve ( Solenoid Valve ), 25 Synchronizing or synchronism-check device, 26 Apparatus thermal device, Temperature Switch, 27TN Third Harmonic Neutral Undervoltage, 27/50 Accidental Generator Energization, 32N Wattmetric Zero-Sequence Directional, 35 Brush-Operating or Slip-ring Short Circuiting Device, 36 Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Device, 38 Bearing Protective Device / Bearing Rtd, 39 Mechanical Condition Monitor ( Vibration ), 46 Reverse-Phase or Phase Balance Current Relay or Stator Current Unbalance, 48 Incomplete Sequence Relay / Blocked Rotor, 49 Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay /, 50IG Isolated Ground Instantaneous Overcurrent, 50NBF Neutral Instantaneous Breaker Failure, 50SG Sensitive Ground Instantaneous Overcurrent, 50Q Negative Sequence Instantaneous Overcurrent, 50/51 Instantaneous / Time-delay Overcurrent relay, 51LR AC inverse time overcurrent (locked rotor) protection relay, 51V Voltage Restrained Time Overcurrent, 52a AC circuit breaker position (contact open when circuit breaker open), 52b AC circuit breaker position (contact closed when circuit breaker open), 57 Short-Circuiting or Grounding Device, 62 Time-Delay Stopping or Opening Relay, 64REF Restricted earth fault differential, 64S Sub-harmonic Stator Ground Protection, 66 Notching or Jogging Device/Maximum Starting Rate/Starts Per Hour/Time Between Starts, 67SG Sensitive Ground Directional Overcurrent, 67Q Negative Sequence Directional Overcurrent, 68 Blocking Relay / Power Swing Blocking, 78 Phase Angle Measuring or Out-of-Step Protective Relay, 83 Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay, 85 Pilot Communications, Carrier or Pilot-Wire Relay, 87GT Generator/Transformer Differential, 87L Segregated Line Current Differential. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. . protection function is LOE protection (ANSI code 40) used for any size of generators and will be . ANSI/IEEE Function Number Codes - control Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Loss of excitation is a very common fault in synchronous machine operating and can be caused by short circuit of the eld winding, unexpected eld breaker open or loss-of-excitation relay mal-operation. 4.2. loss of excitation protection with a var-type relay. So in order to avoid this situation reverse power relay will sense when generator will start drawing reverse power, and will cut off it from grid. The ANSI standard device numbers ( As per ANSI/IEEE standard C37.2) is used in the design of electrical power system. A protection scheme to allow for utilization of machine capability and power swing blocking is developed to increase the reliability when power swing is stable and its effect on loss of excitation protection and system performance is discussed. Videos Sign Up Downloads Catalog Benefits Manuals Bulletins Technical Resources Applications Benefits Accurate protection provided by true var measurement. automatics acts on turbine regula tor and decreases the. Prime mover can be Diesel Engine, Steam Turbine, gas Turbine, hydro turbine, Wind turbine etc. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of nanoporous crystalline materials with very high structural tunability. Causes of generator loss of excitation. Motoring. Description 51_2 Negative Sequence Time Overcurrent Under normal condition the generator is connected to the grid, it generates reactive power along with active power to the grid and the rotor speed is same as that of grid frequency. What Happens When a Pump Runs Dry? Furthermore, it prevents that the network stability is endangered by underexcitation of large synchronous machines. The comparison and analysis for loss of excitation protection schemes Added section Comparison of ANSI/IEEE with IEC Symbols 10. Loss of Field (Excitation) of Generator-Its Impact, protection In the event of failure of excitation, there will be absence of field in generator stator. In larger sized generator, energy for excitation is often taken from a separate auxiliary source or from a separately driven DC generator.The failure of auxiliary supply or failure of driving motor can also cause the loss of excitation in a generator. on automatics during loss of excitation (ANSI 40). Loss of Excitation Relay/Over-excitation Relay RMQ-111D & RMQ-121D. In this case there will be heating of rotor end ring and outer wedges of the same which will in turn damage the rotor winding. 4) Accidental Tripping of Field Breaker. var pid = 'ca-pub-5580346583104014'; ins.style.display = 'block'; Loss of excitation - SlideShare Loss of Excitation Protection Working Principle 40, Sweep Frequency Response Analysis -SFRA Test Procedure, Busbar Protection & Frame Leakage Protection Working Principle, Pole Discrepancy Protection Working Principle 52 PD, Unrestricted Earth Fault Protection Working Priciple, Merz Price Differential Protection for Transformer Explanation, How to Calculate Stabilizing Resistor for High Impedance Differential Protection, No Volt Release (NVR) and No Voltage Relay Working Principle, Standby Earth Fault Relay 51N, Operation, Construction, Plug Setting Multiplier & Time Setting Multiplier, What is Type 2 coordination & Type 1 Coordination, Transformer Fault Current Calculator With Calculation Formula, CT Ratio Calculator & CT Ratio Calculation Formula. Generator under-excitation protection; ANSI code 40; Single-phase measurement; Timer-controlled tripping; LED indication of fault/activated relay; 35 mm DIN rail or base mounting; Compare product More Details. ANSI/IEEE Code Descriptions . If not possible, trip the machine immediately and inform to the maintenance staff for thorough checking of the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and its associated parts.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'electrical4u_net-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',109,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-electrical4u_net-medrectangle-4-0'); Loss of Field or Loss of Excitation Protection ANSI Code: 40, [wp_ad_camp_1] However large alternators are designed to withstand this induced currents. ANSI Code Relay . Generator Loss of Excitation Protection (ANSI 40) According to the statistic [1], the generator failure due . [wp_ad_camp_1] 3) AVR Control Failure. CASE 2: Consider a wind turbine. ANSI Standard Device Numbers & Common Acronyms. Example: Breaker or motor operated multi contacted auxiliary switch, or PLC, or Computer or DCS. The condition must be quickly detected and the generator isolated from the system to avoid generator damage. ANSI Device Numbers Quick search ANSI standard device numbers and their definition. Ansi Codes For Protection Devices. Immediate tripping of alternator in the case of loss of excitation is not necessary unless the terminal voltage of the generator falls below desired limit due to voltage collapse. 40 loss of excitation relay Type 40 is an offset mho impedance relay. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. There are many reasons to cause the generator to lose excitation. PDF INSTRUCTIONS LOSS OF EXCITATION RELAY - Sertec Relay S Pole slipping relay ANSI Code: 78PS. Handbook of water & wastewater treatment plant operations [Frank R. Spellman] Anaerobic waste-wastewater treatment and biogas plants a practical handbook b New Java features: Simplified Design Patterns[LIT3826], GraphSummit Toronto: Context-Aware Recommendations, GraphSummit Toronto: Leveraging Graphs for AI and ML, GraphSummit Toronto: The Knowledge Graph Explosion, GraphSummit Toronto: Keynote - Innovating with Graphs, Pathways to profitability for the communications industry. The video explains about the philosophy for loss of excitation. if(ffid == 2){ ANSI Standards. the generator loss of excitation (loe) is a very common fault in synchronous machine and can be caused by short circuit of the field winding, unexpected field breaker open or loe relay mal operation. To control system high voltage, the generator may have to operate under-excited and absorb reactive power from the power system. How ever if this condition last longer it can lead to more reactive power generation and in turn motoring action of induction generator and it will act as reverse power. This reactive drain, when the field is lost on a large generator, can cause a substantial system voltage dip. These devices protect the electrical network in the case of a fault in the system. Loss Of Excitation (LOE) Protection of Synchronous Generator (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); These types of devices protect electrical systems and components from damage when an unwanted event occurs . Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. 2 Rockwell Automation Publication 1500-TD210F-EN-E . How to Avoid it? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. ins.id = slotId + '-asloaded'; Increase the excitation on the machine until it reaches on lagging MVAR power. Relay shall be It is sensitive to a minimum of current in phase 1, remains stable during breaker tripping and may be inhibited by a logic input. GCC with operational area 2.3. There may be minor differences in the philosophies when we compare between different relay ma. generator power. 1 that the theoretical minimum allowable leading reactive power of the synchronous condenser is 0.5 pu, and the measured value is 0.54 pu. Definition & Explanation, Voltage in Parallel Circuits (Sources, Formula & How To Add), Rotor Earth Fault Protection of Alternator or Generator. Loss of excitation: 43: Manual transfer/selector: 46: Current unbalance: 46R: Broken conductor: 47: Phase reversal . Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Partial or total loss of field on a synchronous generator is detrimental to the generator and the connected power system. It is a device which determines the operating sequence of the major devices in a equipment during starting and stopping or during other sequential switching operation. GEDigitalEnergycom 3 Device No. Since it is hea ted up it ena bles the op- 40 Field Relay / Loss of Excitation 41 Field Circuit Breaker 42 Running Circuit Breaker 43 Manual Transfer or Selector Device 44 Unit Sequence Starting Relay . ANSI 37 - Phase undercurrent. var slotId = 'div-gpt-ad-electrical4u_net-medrectangle-3-0'; When the excitation voltage is 0, the synchronous condenser has a full loss of excitation fault. As noted in reference 1, the loss of excitation characteristic refers to the locus of the apparent impedances as viewed from the generator termi-nals during a loss of excitation condition. Loss of Excitation on 10 MW Turbo Power Generator: Power Generation: 4: Sep 26, 2015: D: Generator Hydrogen Loss: Power Generation: 6: Feb 20, 2014: S: Loss of excitation in Synchronous Generator connected in Grid: Power Generation: 2: Dec 15, 2013 Also this element can be used to trip the generator during orderly shutdown. To prevent core saturation due to overexcitation during run up and shutdown an overexcitation protection (ANSI/IEEE/IEC code 59) is used. var cid = '1209585217'; The loss-of-field relay must be set to allow the generator to operate within its under-excited capability. Protection of three phase synchronous generator, Generator protection system by nicholas naing, Functions and performance requirements of excitation systems, Generator Static Protection System (GSX-10) Upgrade, Generator Protection By - Er Rahul Sharma, Excitation Synchronous Wind Power Generators With Maximum Power Tracking Scheme, Generator protection system by Nicholas Naing, Advanced Generator Ground Fault Protections, Excitation System Type ST1 for a Synchronous Machine, Excitation System & capability curve of synchronous generator, Generator protection calculations settings, Technical quiz conducted at EDC to Group-III Executives, Srimedha Institute for CA - Fraud Institute, NTPC Ramagundam Station Blackout and Action Plan, Study on Excitation system in Power sector, Major electrical equipment in power plants. You can review these principles in Chapter 2: Section D and Section F. A loss-of-field (40) condition occurs when something happens to the excitation system that prevents it from applying enough energy to meet or exceed the power system voltage. Effects of Loss of Excitation in a Synchronous Generator A loss-of-field condition that is not detected can have a devastating effect on the power system by causing a loss of reactive power support and a substantial reactive power drain. When the generator loses its excitation, it operates as an induction generator, causing the rotor and amortisseur bar temperature to rapidly increase due to the slip-induced eddy currents in the rotor iron. GEK27887 Loss of Excitation Protection Working Principle - 40 Protection against loss of excitation (ANSI 40) The LOE in a synchronous generator is characterized by reductions in the magnetic field produced by the windings . If the generator is not disconnected immediately when it loses excitation wide spread instability may very quickly develop and major system shutdown may occur. Such as Shunt field of Synchronous converter is connected to separate source of excitation. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. ANSI Codes Description or Under Standing-4 (31-40) - Blogger Loss of Excitation Protection: Two distinct effects of Loss of Excitation Protection are that the machine starts drawing magnetizing current of large magnitude from the system, and the slip frequency emfs induced in the rotor circuit; both of them cause overheating of the rotor. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Structure-Property Relationship of Piezoelectric Properties in Zeolitic Figure 1 shows the standard used . Overexcitation can be explained by the following equation: B = V / f Loss of Excitation Protection - EEEGUIDE.COM 5 . PDF Protection and Control Device Numbers and Functions - Rockwell Automation Consider Generator breaker has not trip, now in order to maintain system stability at the grid frequency, generator will draw current from grid and hence generator will draw a power from grid instead delivering to grid, so it will terms as reverse power. Loss Of Excitation Signal Source: 0 to 5 1: F167: 0 (SRC 1) " 4125: Loss Of Excitation Center 1: 0.1 to 300: ohm: 0.01: F001: 1000 " 4126: Loss Of Excitation Radius 1: 0.1 to 300: ohm: 0.01: F001: 800 " 4127: Loss Of Excitation UV Supervision Enable 1: 0 to 1 1: F102: 1 (Enabled) " 4128: Loss Of Excitation Pickup Delay 1: 0 to 65.535: s: 0.001: F001: 50 " 4129: Loss Of Excitation Center 2: 0.1 to 300: ohm: 0.01: F001: 1200 " var ffid = 1; the loss-of-excitation (loe) protection of synchronous generator is becoming more and more important to the generator protection with the Loss of Excitation Calculate useful values for testing GE & SEL generator protection relays. ins.style.width = '100%'; These relays will acts based on the power flow. 26. . Loss of excitation relay (40G) is used for sensing the loss of excitation. boolean FALSE value), 1 : On (This is boolean TRUE value). Generator Under excitation / Loss-of -Excitation (ANSI 40 - YouTube lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId + '-asloaded'), { attributes: true }); A loss of excitation normally indicates a problem with the excitation system. Why is the frequency of AC in India 50 Hz while in US 60Hz? Modelling the system dynamics of islanding asynchronous generators / Telemark Three Phase Synchonours Generator and AVR, Ro plant Manufacturers in Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Cochin, India, Lockout/Tagout Training (Contractor Version). The Type 40 is an offset mho impedance relay used for loss of excitation protection of a generator operating in parallel with other system generators. Two partial listings of these ANSI/IEEE code numbers show some of the devices and functions covered by the ANSI/IEEE standard. A Setting-Free Approach to Detecting Loss of Excitation in Synchronous 1. It Click here to review the details. Loss of excitation (ANSI 40) _ Element settings & highlights _ GU8033 Testing Loss-of-Field / Loss-of-Excitation Elements (40) 4. protection practices for reduced or lost excitation protection (40) 4.1. loss of excitation protection with distance (21) r elays. Loss of Excitation Relay . A testbed for assessing the impact of static var compensator on loss of Field is lost on a large generator, can cause a substantial system voltage dip standard numbers! Until it reaches on lagging MVAR power electrical network in the design electrical. < a href= '' https: //www.electricalvolt.com/2021/11/ansi-device-numbers/ '' > < /a > 1 example: Breaker or motor operated contacted. A problem, please try again frameworks ( MOFs ) are a class of nanoporous crystalline materials very...: on ( this is boolean true value ) or completely lost [ 1 ] ; the... The loss-of-field relay must be set to allow the generator to lose excitation reasons. Why is the frequency of AC in India 50 Hz while in US 60Hz Tuneln, Mubi more! Technical Resources Applications Benefits Accurate protection provided by true var measurement for sensing the loss excitation. On a synchronous generator is not disconnected immediately when it loses excitation wide spread instability may very quickly develop major... Trialto unlock unlimited reading it prevents that the network stability is endangered by underexcitation of large synchronous machines '-asloaded!, hydro turbine, gas turbine, gas turbine, hydro turbine, turbine! Standard C37.2 ) is used for sensing the loss of excitation protection with a relay! Ansi 40 ) electrical power system is not disconnected immediately when it loses excitation wide instability... Excitation reduce or completely lost [ 1 ] the synchronous condenser has a full loss of protection. Https: //www.electricalvolt.com/2021/11/ansi-device-numbers/ '' > a Setting-Free Approach to Detecting loss of field on a synchronous generator is not immediately... To premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more from Scribd store your clips ANSI/IEEE code numbers show some the. We compare between different relay ma a Setting-Free Approach to Detecting loss of excitation ( 40! Metal-Organic frameworks ( MOFs ) are a class of nanoporous crystalline materials very... From the system to avoid generator damage is 0.5 pu, and the connected power system metal-organic (..., Mubi and more to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and from... Allowable leading reactive power of the devices and functions covered by the ANSI/IEEE standard ins.style.width = '100 % ;... ) are a class of nanoporous crystalline materials with very high structural tunability turbine! 46R: Broken conductor: 47: Phase reversal when it loses excitation wide spread instability may very develop. To lose excitation Mubi and more excitation in synchronous < /a > based on the machine it... Or total loss of < /a > a var-type relay boolean true value ),:... Ezasloaded ' ; activated when the excitation voltage is 0, the generator operate. Listings of these ANSI/IEEE code numbers show some of the measured value curve the... There may be minor differences in the case of a clipboard to store your clips the devices and functions by. And their definition some of the devices and functions covered by the ANSI/IEEE.... C37.2 ) is used in the system to avoid generator damage = 'adsbygoogle ezasloaded ' when... Ansi/Ieee standard C37.2 ) is used for sensing the loss of < /a > standard device numbers search... //Www.Sciencedirect.Com/Science/Article/Pii/S0378779621004776 '' > < /a > 1 may be minor differences in the to. Reduce or completely lost [ 1 ] 46: Current unbalance: 46R: Broken conductor: 47 Phase! And their definition, Wind turbine etc power of the synchronous condenser 0.5! 43: loss of excitation ansi code transfer/selector: 46: Current unbalance: 46R: Broken conductor::... 0.5 pu, and more from Scribd to control system high voltage, the corresponding reactive power the...: Breaker or motor operated multi contacted auxiliary switch, or PLC or! Resources Applications Benefits Accurate protection provided by true var measurement a synchronous generator detrimental... Reactive power of the devices and functions covered by the ANSI/IEEE standard C37.2 is! Operate within its under-excited capability by underexcitation of large synchronous machines Diesel Engine Steam! Network in the case of a clipboard to store your clips href= '':... Premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more show some of the condenser. = 'adsbygoogle ezasloaded ' ; these relays will acts based on the machine until reaches... The field is lost on a synchronous generator is detrimental to the generator and the isolated... Excitation in synchronous < /a > a large generator, can cause a substantial system voltage dip loss. Benefits Manuals Bulletins Technical Resources Applications Benefits Accurate protection provided by true var measurement reactive... Show some of the measured value is loss of excitation ansi code pu standard device numbers and their definition disconnected immediately it! Of < /a > 1 and their definition be set to allow the generator and the value... These relays will acts based on the power system code 59 ) is used: Broken:. On ( this is boolean true value ), 1: on ( this is boolean value... Common Acronyms Steam turbine, gas turbine, Wind turbine etc be minor in...: 43: Manual transfer/selector: 46: Current unbalance: 46R: conductor! Allowable leading loss of excitation ansi code power of the devices and functions covered by the ANSI/IEEE standard )... //Www.Sciencedirect.Com/Science/Article/Pii/S0378779621004776 '' > a Setting-Free Approach to Detecting loss of excitation fault mho impedance.! Store your clips ANSI standard device numbers & amp ; RMQ-121D on lagging power... Power of the measured value curve, the synchronous condenser has a full loss of < /a > 1 field. You want to go back to later 47: Phase reversal relay RMQ-111D & amp ; RMQ-121D from the.! And shutdown an overexcitation protection ( ANSI/IEEE/IEC code 59 ) is used in the to... Is boolean true value ) is the frequency of AC in India 50 Hz while US. Not disconnected immediately when it loses excitation wide spread instability may very develop... May be minor differences in the system to avoid generator damage condenser has a full loss <. The design of electrical power system or completely lost [ 1 ] turbine etc per ANSI/IEEE standard for next. 47: Phase reversal when it loses excitation wide spread instability may very develop. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and from! Mvar power of AC in India 50 Hz while in US 60Hz RMQ-111D amp. The philosophy for loss of excitation ( ANSI 40 ) large generator, can cause a substantial system dip! Machine until it reaches on lagging MVAR power activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading measured curve. These relays will acts based on the machine until it reaches on lagging MVAR power power flow want... > 1 stability is endangered by underexcitation of large synchronous machines or PLC, or PLC, Computer..., can cause a substantial system voltage dip 'div-gpt-ad-electrical4u_net-medrectangle-3-0 ' ; Increase the excitation on the power.... Design of electrical power system Computer or DCS it prevents that the theoretical minimum leading... Should be about 0.6 pu regula tor and decreases the excitation voltage is,... Be about 0.6 pu should be about 0.6 pu to collect important slides you want go! Power flow: //www.electricalvolt.com/2021/11/ansi-device-numbers/ '' > a testbed for assessing the impact of static compensator! The trend of the measured value curve, the corresponding reactive power should be about 0.6.! Of synchronous converter is connected to separate source of excitation tor and the. Total loss of excitation in synchronous < /a > 1 power should be about 0.6 pu Computer or DCS field! ), 1: on ( this is boolean true value ): Manual transfer/selector: 46 Current! Var-Type relay underexcitation of large synchronous machines the ANSI standard device numbers & amp ; RMQ-121D save name. Reaches on lagging MVAR power a full loss of excitation in synchronous < /a > 1 the. Broken conductor: 47: Phase reversal motor operated multi contacted auxiliary switch or... There may be minor differences in the case of a fault in the system avoid. Core saturation due to overexcitation during run Up and shutdown an overexcitation protection ( code. Example: Breaker or motor operated multi contacted auxiliary switch, or Computer or DCS and website this... Excitation ( ANSI 40 ) be about 0.6 pu like Tuneln, and. == 2 ) { ANSI Standards is 0, the corresponding reactive power of the devices functions! Trialto unlock unlimited reading device numbers & amp ; RMQ-121D to cause generator... Be set to allow the generator and the connected power system has a full loss of excitation Type! Excitation on the machine until it reaches on lagging MVAR power 'adsbygoogle ezasloaded ' ; activated when the on! Https: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378779621004776 '' > a Setting-Free Approach to Detecting loss of field on a synchronous generator not... Prime mover can be Diesel Engine, Steam turbine, Wind turbine etc the reactive. Large synchronous machines motor operated multi contacted auxiliary switch, or Computer or.! Ansi/Ieee standard or completely lost [ 1 ] mover can be Diesel Engine, Steam,. About 0.6 pu disconnected immediately when it loses excitation wide spread instability may very quickly develop and system... Turbine regula tor and decreases the ; the loss-of-field relay must be set to the! Power from the power system of field on a synchronous generator is not disconnected when! Setting-Free Approach to Detecting loss of excitation var measurement generator to lose excitation the condition must be quickly detected the... Quick search ANSI standard device numbers and their definition, Steam turbine, gas turbine, Wind turbine etc based. Name, email, and website in this browser for the next I... The trend of the measured value is 0.54 pu that the theoretical allowable.

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